Research hub
Every dataset on the site, in one place
The site keeps two kinds of data, and it is worth being clear about the difference before you use either. The first is the live series: the spot price and the daily candles, fetched from the Coinbase Exchange public API by the site's canister and cached for a few minutes at a time. Those figures move, and every one of them carries the moment it was fetched. The second is the curated historical record: the yearly returns, halvings, drawdowns and milestones, which were compiled once from published sources and change only when the dataset is deliberately republished. Those tables are the stable spine of the site, and they are what the CSV export below contains.
Nothing on this page is a forecast, and no figure here is adjusted for inflation, fees or taxes. Where a calculation would genuinely help — a return on a purchase, a compound growth rate, the outcome of a steady accumulation plan — the writing points to a tool that does that work properly rather than embedding a calculator in the reference material.
Research by network
Most of the site's record is about Bitcoin itself. The five sub-hubs below collect the pages that set Bitcoin against other networks and against the arrangements built on top of it, each judged on its own stated design rather than on a single scoreboard.
- Altcoin ResearchAltcoins measured against Bitcoin rather than described on their own terms: design intent, consensus, execution, scaling and market structure.
- Ethereum ResearchMonetary models, consensus mechanisms and design intent, with both networks' specifications cited.
- ICP ResearchA single verifiable chain against a network of subnets whose canisters can sign for other chains.
- Solana ResearchBounded block space for cheap validation against a pipelined design built for throughput.
- Cross-Chain ResearchWrapped tokens, layers that settle on Bitcoin, and sidechains that run their own consensus behind a peg.
Research by topic
The Bitcoin-side clusters are hubs in their own right, each with its own introduction, its own grouped contents and its own place in the navigation. They are listed here so the master hub is the single entry point to every part of the record, not only the network comparisons above. Each link below is a plain anchor to a declared route, so the whole map is reachable without JavaScript.
- Bitcoin Network & MiningProtocol, Transactions & MiningThe issuance schedule, transaction mechanics and mining economics behind the price, with the halvings that punctuate the supply rule.
- Security & ResilienceSecurity & ResilienceWhat a miner can and cannot do with a block, how a double spend is defended against, and what happens when the network is stressed.
- Privacy & AnalysisPrivacy & AnalysisWhat the public ledger reveals, how transactions are traced, and the practices that change what an observer can conclude.
- On-Chain DataOn-Chain AnalyticsWhat the public ledger can be measured for, how the common metrics are constructed, and where the interpretation outruns the data.
- Wallet ArchitectureWallet ArchitectureHow a wallet is built: the key tree it derives, the descriptors that describe its scripts, and the recovery path each choice implies.
- Node OperationsNode OperationsRunning a Bitcoin node: the validation it performs, the resources it consumes, and the operational choices an operator makes.
- Emerging TechnologyEmerging TechnologyProposals and newer constructions on Bitcoin, each marked as proposed or deployed, with its current status and trade-offs stated.
- Bitcoin ComparisonsComparisonsCycles, halvings and strategies set side by side, with the measures behind each comparison explained rather than assumed.
- Network StoriesNetwork StoriesDated, sourced accounts of what happened on the Bitcoin network and how it was measured, each stating its evidence basis.
- Institutional NotesInstitutional NotesHow institutions hold, account for and report bitcoin, drawn from public filings and disclosures with each claim cited.
Three requested topics have no hub of their own because their pages already sit under an existing one: Bitcoin History, Bitcoin Markets, Crypto Market Research. Bitcoin's dated record is filed under the history and cycles clusters, and the market-structure pages sit under the market data cluster and the altcoin research hub. Rather than split those pages into thin new hubs, the master hub points at the clusters that already hold them.
Research experiences
Five guided experiences built on the same curated record the tables below publish. Each one walks a reader through a question the data can answer — what a holding was worth, what a halving changed, how a cycle unfolded, how the window shapes an outcome, and how a steady schedule compares with a single purchase. They are informational throughout: nothing is computed on your behalf, and where a calculation would genuinely help the writing points to a tool that does it properly.
- The Bitcoin Time MachineWhat a fixed sum of bitcoin was worth at each point in the curated record, and how the same holding looked from a different starting year.
- The Halving Event LabEach block-subsidy halving set against the price record around it, so the schedule's effect and its limits are both visible.
- The Market-Cycle ExplorerEvery completed cycle from low to high, with its duration, its gain and the drawdown that followed.
- The Holding-Period ExplorerHow the outcome of a holding changes with the window chosen, from a single year to a decade.
- DCA Against a Lump SumA single purchase at one date against a steady schedule spread across the same window.
Dataset index
Every table, chart and reference series on the site, grouped by topic. Filter by topic to narrow the list.
- Price history
Bitcoin yearly returns, 2010-2025
Open, high, low and close for every completed calendar year since bitcoin first traded, with the year-over-year change expressed in basis points. The series is the reference table behind the yearly returns page and the starting point for any long-horizon return calculation.
2010-2025Source: Coinbase Exchange daily candles; Bitstamp and CoinDesk historical series for 2010-2014
- Protocol
Bitcoin halving history
Every block-subsidy halving with its date, block height, the subsidy before and after, and the approximate price around the event. Four halvings have occurred; the fifth is scheduled at block 1,050,000.
2012-2024Source: Bitcoin block chain records; Coinbase Exchange price history
- Cycles
Major drawdowns and recoveries
Peak-to-trough declines of more than thirty per cent with their depth in basis points, the date the prior peak was regained, and the number of days that took. The table is the basis for the drawdown and recovery analysis on the risk pages.
2011-2025Source: Coinbase Exchange daily candles; Bitstamp and CoinDesk historical series for 2011-2014
- History
Bitcoin historical milestones
A dated timeline of protocol, market and adoption events from the publication of the whitepaper to the fourth halving, each with a long-form description and an era label.
2008-2024Source: Bitcoin block chain records; contemporaneous public reporting
- Reference
Bitcoin and market glossary
Definitions of the protocol and market terms used across the site, written for readers who are new to the asset and cross-referenced to related entries.
2026Source: Compiled for this site
- Price history
Daily BTC/USD candles, most recent 300 days
Daily open, high, low, close and volume for the BTC/USD pair, fetched from the Coinbase Exchange public candles endpoint and cached in the canister. The series is refreshed on demand and carries an explicit vintage label.
Most recent 300 days, refreshed on demandSource: Coinbase Exchange public API
- Price history
BTC/USD spot price
The current spot price and twenty-four hour change for the BTC/USD pair, fetched from the Coinbase public spot endpoint and cached in the canister with its fetch timestamp.
Live, cachedSource: Coinbase public API
- Price history
Major highs and lows
The documented all-time highs and lows of the BTC/USD market from the first quoted price in 2010 to the late-2025 correction, each with its date, price, source and vintage. The early entries are widely cited reference points for a thinly traded market; the later entries are exchange settlement prices.
2010-2025Source: Coinbase Exchange daily candles; Mt. Gox, Bitstamp and CoinDesk historical series for 2010-2014
- Market size
Year-end market capitalisation, 2010-2025
Market capitalisation at the close of each calendar year, computed from the year-end price and the circulating supply at that date and rounded to the nearest million dollars. The series is explicitly year-end: it is a set of annual observations and must not be read as a daily series.
2010-2025Source: CoinDesk and Bitstamp historical price series; Bitcoin block chain issuance records
Download the curated tables
Each curated reference table can be downloaded as a comma-separated file. The export is built in your browser from the data already loaded on this page, so nothing is sent anywhere and the file is available immediately. Every file opens with a short preamble recording the dataset's vintage and source, so a copy that travels away from the site still carries its provenance.
Bitcoin yearly returns, 2010-2025
16 rows · 6 columns · vintage 2010-2025
Bitcoin halving history
4 rows · 6 columns · vintage 2012-2024
Major drawdowns and recoveries
5 rows · 8 columns · vintage 2011-2025
Bitcoin historical milestones
16 rows · 5 columns · vintage 2008-2025
Bitcoin and market glossary
16 rows · 3 columns · vintage 2026
The live spot price and the daily candle series are deliberately not offered as downloads. They are fetched on demand and change between visits, so a saved copy would be stale the moment it was written. Read them on the price history page, where each figure carries its fetch time.
How the record is kept
The curated tables were compiled from published exchange and block-chain records, then checked against one another where two sources overlap. The early years are the hardest: before 2015 there was no single dominant exchange, and the quoted price of bitcoin differed materially from venue to venue. For 2010 to 2014 the site uses Bitstamp and CoinDesk series, which are the most complete surviving records for that period, and it says so on every table that reaches back that far. From 2015 onward the figures are taken from Coinbase Exchange daily candles, which are published in a consistent format and can be re-fetched and re-checked at any time.
The full account of each source, its vintage and its known limitations is on the data sources and methodology page. The short version is that these are compiled figures, not audited ones, and that a reader who needs a number to a particular standard should go back to the primary source rather than to this site.
Where to go next
The hub is a map rather than a destination. These three pages carry the detail behind it.
- Data Sources & MethodologyWhere each figure originates, its vintage, and the honest limits of the compiled record.
- Editorial StandardsHow the writing is sourced, what the site will and will not claim, and how corrections are handled.
- GlossaryThe protocol and market terms used across the site, defined in plain language.
Related reading
The tables above are the raw record. The pages below carry the rest of the record: the dated network stories and the institutional notes, followed by the derived series built from the tables — rolling windows, holding periods, recoveries, halving windows and the inflation-adjusted price — together with the explainers that set out how each measure is calculated and where it stops being informative.
- Network StoriesDated, sourced accounts of what happened on the Bitcoin network and how it was measured.
- Institutional NotesHow institutions hold, account for and report bitcoin, drawn from public filings.
- Market Cap ExplainedWhat market capitalisation measures, and where it misleads.
- Bitcoin DominanceBitcoin's share of total crypto market capitalisation.
- LiquidityOrder-book depth, thin markets and why they amplify price moves.
- Exchange Price DifferencesWhy the same bitcoin trades at different prices on different venues.
- Trading VolumeWhat volume measures, and why it is not the same as liquidity.
- Spot vs FuturesImmediate-settlement spot markets against derivative contracts, and what each reveals.
- Spot Bitcoin ETFsWhat a spot bitcoin ETF holds, and how creation and redemption work.
- Open Interest & FundingWhat derivatives positioning measures show, and where they stop being informative.
- HomeThe state of Bitcoin, in reference form.